Davit



F. J. SUPER.

DA.V|T.

Armunuo HLED 111111.23., 191.7. RENEwED JUNE 17,- 1919.

Patented Apr. 6, 1920.

5 SHEETS-SHEET l V334 s Aug.

P.']. SUPER.

DAVITi APPLICATION FILEED MAR. 23, 39H.

RENEWED JUNE 1.7, 1919- 1,336,394. Patented Apr. 6, 1920.

5 SHEE'I S-SHEET 2.

.PV/fn@ 5.5 es:

SUPER.

DA.VIT.

APPLICATION iFlLED MAR. 23., 1.91.1.

REN'EwED 1uNE11, 1919.

Patented Apr. 6a 1920.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

SUPER.v

DA.V|T.

APPLICATIGN FlLED MAAR. 23. 191.7. 1,336,394.

HENEWED JUNE 17, 1919.

Patented Apr. 6, 1920.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

//7 Vento/7 Wr/asses.'

y NXTED STATE@ FA" FRANK J. SUPER, OF PORTLAND, OREGON, A

critics.

SSGLTOR, BY DIRECT AND MESNE ASSIGN- MENTS, OF TXVENTY-FOUR AND ONE-HALF PER CENT. TO W'ADE H. BLEVINS, OF PORTLAND, OREGON, AND FIFTY-ONE PER CENT. TO W. J. MILNE, OF PORTLAND,

OREGON.

DAVIT.

Application led March 23, 1917, Serial No. 156,897,

T0 all io/tom t may concern.'

from ships, although, of course, thereare other uses to which it can be put.

Among thesalient objects of my invention are, to provide a davit by means of which the supporting structure to which the boat is suspended can be swung outwardly over the side of the vessel to a safe distance, swinging both ends of the boat outwardly at the same time, beforey the boat itself is lowered into the water, together with new and improved means for positively moving said supporting structure outwardly to a point where gravity operates to lcontinue the lowering movement; to provide in a davit of the character referred to an improved operating mechanism by means of which the davit can be operated from the deck of the boat at different speeds, either in the lowering of the boat supporting structure out over the side of the vessel, or in raising it to its normal position; to provide in a davit of the character referred to an improved boat-lowering and boat-raising mechanism by means of which the boat can be lowered or raised on an even keel by an operator standing in the middle of the boat.

@ther advantages and improvements will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment of my invention, taken in connection with the accompanying five sheets of drawings in which,

Figure 1 is a side elevation of my iinproved davit looking inboard;

Fig. 2 is an end view thereof, looking at the right hand end of Fig. 1, with the boat supporting structure shown in its down position in dotted lines;

Fig. 2a is a fragmentary, side view of the upper end of an upright structure used with the one shown in Fig. 2;

Fig. 3 is a side or edge view of the part shown in Fig. 1, looking at the left hand side thereof;

Fig. 4 is an end view, similar to Fig. 2,

Specification of Letters Patent.

Renewed .Tune 17, 1919. Serial No. 306,218.

showing a slightly modified embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged side elevation of the boat lowering and boat raising block mechanism, shown in smaller view in the middle of Fig. 1;

Fig'. 6 is an irregular vertical sectional view taken on line 6 6 of Fig. 5, and a sectional view taken on line 6 6 of Fig. 2; and

Fig. 7 is a reduced fragmentary sectional View taken on line 7 7 of Fig. 6.

Referring now in detail to the drawings, Figs. 1, 2, 2LL and 3, my invention as here illustratedcomprises two upright supporting structures 1 and 2, each here shown to be made of two spaced channel irons, connected with cross bars, as 3 3, said vertical supporting structures being mounted upon the deck of a ship near the side thereof, and each being braced by means of brace members, as 4. Mounted in the lower ends of said vertical structures Aare pulleys, or sheaves, as 5 and 6. An operating cable 7, extends from a drum S, in the upper end of vertical supporting structure 1, down around pulleys 5 and 6, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, and thence across the deck to vertical supporting structure 2, Fig. 1, and thence upwardly around similar pulleys 5 and 6 in said vertical structure 2, and upwardly around a sheave 8, in the upper end of said vertical supporting structure 2, Aand thence around a sheave 13, said cable 7, then being attached at its end to said vertical supporting structure 2, at 14, Fig. 2a. The drum 8, in the upper end of vertical supporting structure 1, is provided with a gear 9, which meshes with a gear 10, secured to another drum 11, whereby the turning of the drum 8, in a manner hereinafter described, operates through the gears 9 and 10, to also turn the drum 11. A cable 12, from the drum 11, passes around a pulley 13, and is attached at its end, as at 14a, to the front of vertical structure 1. The pulleys 13 and 13, are mounted upon the upper ends, respectively, of two pivoted supporting structures, as 15, preferably of tubular form and pivotally connected at their lower ends by means of brackets 16-16, as at 17, whereby the upper ends of said pivoted supporting structures can be swung outwardly and downwardly as the cables 7 and 12, are let out, as'indicated in dotted lines, Fig. 2. Extending be tween the lower ends of said pivoted supporting'structures 15-15, is a shaft 18, provided with knuckle joints, as 19-19, and connected thereby at its opposite ends with short shafts 20-20, in said pivot brackets 16-16, which short shafts 20-20, are provided with beveled gears, as 21-21, which mesh with beveled gears 22-22, upon the lower ends of vertical shafts 23-23, extending upwardly through the tubular members 15-15. One of the short pivot shafts 20, is provided with a ratchet 24, adapted to be held against turning in one direction by means of a pawl 25, as clearly shown in Figs. 1 and 2. One of the pivoted tubular members 15, as shown at the left hand side of Fig. 1, is provided with a joint bearing box, as 26, whereby the vertical shaft 23, in this tubular member 15, is made in two sec tions, the upper section being designated 23, said shaft sections being providedV at their adjacent ends with beveled gears as 27 and 28, adapted to be turned by means of a beveled gear 29, upon a short shaft 30, provided with a pulley 31, over which loops an operating cable or chain, as 32.

Mounted upon the upper ends of said pivoted tubular members 15-15, are bearing boX structures 33-33, within which the upper ends of the shafts 23 and 23 are provided with beveled gears 34-34, which mesh with beveled gears 35 35, provided with pinions 36-36, 'which mesh with larger gears 37-37, mounted on shafts 38-38, pro-. vided with pinions 3.9-39, which operate upon curved rack members 40-40, provided at their outer ends with hook-like portions 4W-40', and at their opposite ends provided with bearing shoes 41-41, adapted to rest freely against the outer :faces of the vertical structures 1 and 2. Mounted in the upper ends of each of the bearing box structures 33-33, are two grooved guide pulleys, as 42-42, which run upon the upper edges of the curved rack members 40-40, as will be clear from Figs. 1 and 2.

It will` thus be seen that through the operation of the operating cable or chain 32, and the shafts 18, 23 and 23, the beveled gears 34.-34, in the bearing box structures 33-33, can be turned together in either di# rection, as desired, and will operate through their gear connections to turn the rack pinions 39-39, and thus positively move the upper end of the pivoted tubular members 15-15, outwardly to the outer end of the curved rack members 40-40, the inner ends of said rack members bearing against the faces of the vertical structures 1 and 2, until said pivoted tubular members 15-15, reach the outer ends of the rack members 40-40, whereupon said rack members are carried with said pivoted tubular members 15-15, away from the vertical structures 1 and 2,

and downwardly by gravity into the positions indicated in dotted lines in Fig. 2.

A supporting structure 43, connects the upper ends of the pivoted tubular members 15-15, said connecting supporting structure having ball and socket connections at its opposite ends with the upper ends of the bearing boX structures 33-33, as at 44-44, said supporting structure comprising a crossbar, or tubular member, to which the reference numeral 43, is connected, and being provided in its middle portion with downwardly depending supports 45-45, with brace rods 46-46. Said supporting structure is also provided with adjustable sheave boxes 47-47, having the sheaves 48-48 therein,

over which run supporting cables 49-49, attached at their lower ends, as at 50-50, to the opposite ends of a life boat B, as clearly shown in Fig. 1. The opposite ends of said cables 49-49, are wound upon drums 51 and n.52, indicated in dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 5,

which drums are provided with meshing gears 53 and 54, whereby said drums are turned together toward and from each other,

,when operated by a mechanism hereinafterl to be described, for the purpose of letting out or pulling in said supporting cables {4Q-49, attached at their lower ends to the life boat B.

It will be understood from the foregoing description that when the pivoted tubular -members 15-15, are swung outwardly and downwardly, Aas indicated in dotted lines, Fig. 2, said supportingstructure 43, also swings outwardly therewith and turns as it swings so that the life boat is swung outwardly therewith in a manner which will be clear from the drawings, it being understood, of course, that the life boat B, will be lifted from its supports S-S, by the cables 49-49, or said supports will be removed before the pivoted supporting structures 15-15, will be swung outwardly.

I will next describe the mechanism by ,means of which the operating cables 7 and 12, are let out and drawn in in connection with the swinging of the pivoted supporting structure 15-15, outwardly and downwardly from the position shown in full lines to the position shown in dotted lines in Fig. 2.

Referring to Figs. 2 and 3 and 6 and 7, this operating` mechanism is mounted at the upper end of the vertical supporting structure 1, in Figs. 2 and 3, and is very similar to the mechanism shown in the middle of the cross supporting structure 43, Fig. 1, for raising and lowering the boat by means of the cables 49-49., and which mechanism is shown in large side elevation in Fig. 5. In fact Fig. 6 is a sectional view taken on Ythe line 6-6 of Fig. 5, and is practically the same as it would be if taken on line 6-6, Fig. 2.

In both cases there are two drums to be operated together and these are operated by hand by means of cables or chains passing over operating pulleys, whereby they can be turned by hand in one direction for hoisting or pulling purposes.

I will rst describe the mechanism as it is used in Figs. 2 and 3 for operating the drums 8 and 11, for letting out and taking up the cables 7 and 12, in order to swing the pivoted supporting structure 15-15, to which the boat is suspended, downwardly and for pulling it back. This mechanism comprises two spaced side bearing members 55 and 56, secured to the vertical supporting structure 1, as shown in Fig. 2. The drums 8 and 11, are mounted between said side bearing` members, as shown in Fig. 2, only one of which, however, drum 11, being seen in the sectional view, Fig. 6. These drums are keyed to shafts 57 and 58, as are also their gears 9 and 10, by means of which said drums are driven together, their gears 9 and 10 meshing with each other, as indicated in broken lines, Fig. 2. As a means for driving said drums, a gear 59, is mounted between said side bearing members upon a short shaft 60, to which it is keyed, as at 61, which gear is in mesh with a gear or pinion 62, formed as a part of sleeve 63, mounted loosely upon a shaft 64, extending through said side bearing members 55 and 56, as clearly shown in the enlarged sectional view, Fig. 6. Keyed to said sleeve 63, is a chain pulley 65, over which runs an operating chain 66, represented by a broken line in Fig. 3, by means of which direct operation of said drums 8 and 11 can be had through the chain pulley 65, and the gears 62, 59 and 10.

Mounted in the side member 56, above and below the shaft 64, as shown in Fig. 6, on fixed bearing spindles 67 and 68, are gears 69 and 70, each h. ving riveted or otherwise secured thereto smaller gears as 69a and 7 O, the inner ends of the bearing spindles 67 and 68 beinganchored in a supporting disk 71. The gears 69 and 70 mesh with a gear 72, formed upon the inner end of a hub-like member 73, provided at its outer end with a drum 74. `A split bushing` 75, forms a bearing around the hub-like member 73, and thus makes possible the insertion of the gear 72, at its inner end through said side member 56. Keyed to the shaft 64, within the drum 74, is a clutch mechanism, designated as a whole 76, which may be of any desired type and here shown to be operated by a lever 77, moved by a. sliding cone 7 S, on the end of the shaft 64, said cone being moved upon said shaft by means of a screw 79, adapted to be operated by a chain pulley 80, as will be clear from Fig. 6, and a chain or cable S1, Fig. 1.

Then these parts are in the positions shown in said Fig. 6, the clutch mechanism locks the shaft 64, to the drum 74. TWhen it is desired to release the clutch 76, and thus disconnect the drum 74, from the shaft 64, it is only necessary to operate the chain pulley 80, which is operated by a hand chain 81, indicated in broken lines in Fig. 3.

Loosely mounted upon the shaft 64, between the side members and 56, is a member to one face of which is mounted an internal ring with which meshes the smaller' gears 69L and 70, mounted upon the bearing spindles 67 and 63. Mounted upon the opposite side of said disk 82, are two pawls 84 and S5, shown also in Fig. 7, which pawls are normally held by means of springs 86-86, in enga-gement with a ratchet wheel 87, formed as a part of the sleeve 63, as clearly shown in Figs. 6 and 7. rllhe mechanism just described is mounted within an annular flange 38, formed upon the inner side of the side bearing member 56, which has secured thereto a bearing support 89, which supports the short shaft 60. Re coif'er plate 90, is mounted over the annular flange casing SS. Mounted upon the outer end of the shaft 64, and keyed thereto, is a chain pulley 91, and also a ratchet 92, which ratchet 92, is ,provided with a pawl 93, shown more clearly in Fig. 5. The chain wheel 91, is operated by means of a hand chain 94, shown in Fig. 5, and also indicated in Fig. 3.

lVhen a load is on the drums S and 11, or 51 and 52, as the case may be, it being understood that the mechanism for operating these drums is exactly the same, the hand chain 94, which operates on the chain pulley 91, keyed to the shaft 64, is operated, it being understood. that the clutch mechanism 76, is set, whereby the operation of said shaft 64, ojerates through the drum 74, the gears 72, 69, 69 and 70 and 70, the gear ring 83, the member 82, the ratchet pawls S4 and 85, and the ratchet wheel S7, formed as a part of the sleeve 63, and the gears 62 and 59, and the gears 9 and 16, as shown in Fig. 2, or the gears 53 and 54, as shown in Fig. 5, which last-mentioned gears in each case operate the drums S and 11, or 51 and 52, as the case may be.

1n the mechanism shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the drums 8 and 11, are operated as just described, for the purpose of operating or pulling in cables 7 and 12, which control the swinging movement of the pivoted supporting structures 15-15, from the positions shown in full lines in Fig. 2, to the position shown in dotted lines in said F ig. 2. In the mechanism shown in the middle of Fig. 1, and in Figs. and 6. the drums 51 and 52, which control the cables 49-49, are operated in the same manner for raising` and lowering the life boat l. In one case, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. this mechanism is mounted upon a vertical supporting structurev 1, and in the other case it is mounted in the middle of a horizontal supporting structure 43, as shown in Figs. 1 and 5, and is operable from the boat B.

Referring now to Fig. 4, I will describe a modified form of that part of the invention adapted for swinging the life boat out over the side of the vessel. This form is more particularly adapted to heavy work, and especially for navy use.

Instead of a single pivoted structure 15-15, as shown in Fig. 2, and hereinbefore described, I have provided a double pivoted structure at each end of the life boat, one end only, however, being illustrated in Fig. 4. In this modified form of the invention a vertical structure 100, is pivotally mounted, as at 101, in a manner similar to the mounting of the vertical structure 15-15, but is provided at its lower end with a lug 102. This vertical structure 100, is provided at its upper end with gears 35', 3G', 37 and 38', corresponding` to the gears 36, 37 and 38 in Figs. 1 and 2, which are adapted to be operated in the same manner. There is also provided a curved rack bar 40a, which, instead of being detached, is secured, as at 41a, to the vertical structure 1. Instead of two grooved pulleys 42-42, riding upon the upper edge of said curved rack bar 40, a single grooved pulley 42' is mounted therein with a pulley 103, mounted in the extreme upper end of said vertical structure 100, over which the cable 12' runs, which cable corresponds to the cable 12 in Fig. 2. Pivotally mounted to the lug 102, as at 104, is an auxiliary swinging structure 105, which is open at its upper end so as to move freely over the curved rack bar 40a, and also over its hooked end 401. The cable 12', is attached, as at 106, to the upper end of said auxiliary swinging structure 105. Said auxiliary swinging structure, it will be understood, carries a horizontal supporting structure the same as the structure 43, for supporting the life boat. rIhis will be clearly understood by comparison of Fig. 4 with Figs. 1 and 2.

Attention is called to my improved chain block, shown in large views in Figs. 5 and 6, and, as hereinbefore stated, are used on the pivoted boat-sup orting structure for raising and lowering t 1e boat and also on the fixed vertical structure for pulling in the pivoted boat-supporting structure by means of the cables 7 and 12. In this improved chain block there are shown, as hereinbefore described, two chain wheels 91 and 65, by means of which two different speeds of operation can. be given to the cable drums operated thereby, that is, through the operation of chain wheel 65, the drums can be operated more rapidly when not pulling a heavy load, than when operated through the chain wheel 91, which is connected up with the drums for pulling a heavy load. By means of the chain wheel 80, the clutch 7 G is operated either to connect the shaft 64, to the drum 74, for the drive through the operation of the chain wheel 91, or said clutch mechanism can be operated in the drum 74, as a brake for allowing the drums to run freely for letting out a load. A brake band, as 74, is also shown, which may be of any desired type and operated in any desired manner for controlling the letting out of cable by the pull of the load.

The operation of this modification of the invention may be briefly described as follows:

By the operation of the chain pulley 31, by the chain 32', which operates exactly the same as the parts 31 and 32, in Fig. 2, the vertical structure 100 is swung outwardly to the end of the curved rack bar 40a, where it stops and where it is supported against the hook 401, of the curved rack bar 40a, and in this form is attached at its opposite end to the vertical structure 1. The auxiliary swinging structure 105, can then be swung on downwardly to the position shown in dotted lines in Fig. 4, by releasing the clutch 76, and allowing the drums, under the pull of the cables, to run freely, controlled either by operating the clutch 76, as a brake or by operating the brake band 7 4a.

I am aware that many changes can be made in the details here shown and described for the purpose of illustrating my invention, without departing from the spirit thereof, and I do not, therefore, limit my invention to the embodiments shown and described in detail, except as I may be limited by the hereto appended claims.

I claim: i

1. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a fixed vertical supporting structure, a boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and adapted to swing outwardly at its upper end, means carried by said boat-supporting structure and moving therewith for supporting, raising and lowering a life boat, and means interposed between the upper end of said fixed vertical structure and said boat-supporting structure for mechanically moving said pivoted boat structure outwardly away from said fixed vertical structure, for the purpose referred to.

2. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a fixed vertical supporting structure, a pair of boat-supporting structures pivotally mounted at their lower ends at a space apart, and provided with means therebetween for supporting, raising, and lowering a life boat, means for positively moving the upper ends of said boat-supporting structures outwardly away from said fixed vertical supporting structure, and means for holding and letting out said lboat-supporting structures under the operation of gravity, and for again raising said boat-supporting structures 3. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a vertical supporting' structure, a boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and adapted to swing outwardly at its upper end away from said vertical supporting structure, a rack bar having one end bearing against said vertical supporting structure and projecting through said boat-supporting structure, an operating pinion carried by said boat-supporting structure and meshing with said rack bar, means for operating the same whereby to positively move said boatsupporting structure outwardly away from said vertical supporting structure, and means carried by said boat-supporting structure for supporting, raising and lowering a life boat.

4. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a vertical supporting structure, a boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and adapted to swing' outwardly at its upper end away from said vertical supporting structure, a-

rack bar having one end bearing against said vertical supporting structure andprojeeting through said boat-supporting strueture, an operating pinion carried by said boatsupporting structure and meshing with said rack bar, means for operating the same whereby to positively move said boatsupporting structure outwardly away from said vertical supporting structure, means carried by said boat-supporting structure for supporting', raising and lowering a life boat, and means extended from said vertical supporting structure and connected with said boat-supporting structure for lowering` and raising said boat supporting structure beyond its limit of movement by means of said pinion and rack bar.

5. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a vertical supporting structure, a boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and adapted to swing outwardly at its upper end away from said vertical supporting structure, a rack bar having one end bearing aO'ainst said vertical supporting structure and projecting through said boat-supporting structure, said rack bar being free to move away from said vertical supporting structure when the boat-supporting structure reaches the outer end thereof, an operating pinion carried by said boat-supporting' structure and meshing with said rack bar, with means for operating the same, whereby to positively move said boat-supporting structure outwardly away from said vertical supporting structure, means carried by said boat-supporting structure for supporting, raising and lowering a life boat, and means extended from said vertical supporting ing structure and connected with said boatsupporting structure for lowering and raising said boat-supporting structure beyond its limit of movement by means of said pinion and rack bar.

6. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a vertical supporting structure, a boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and adapted to swing outwardly at its upper end away from said vertical supporting structure, a twodrum, two-speed cable operating mechanism carried by said boat-supporting strueture for simultaneously supporting, raising and lowering the opposite ends of a life boat, said mechanism being operable by hand from the boat, and means for moving said boat supporting structure outwardly away from said vertical supporting structure.

T. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a vertical supporting structure, a boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and adapted to swing outwardly at its upper end an ay from said vertical supporting structure, a raolr bar having one end said vertical supporting structure and projecting' through said boat-supporting structure, an operating pinion carried by said boat-supporting structure and meshing with said rack bar,means for operating the same whereby to positively move said boat-supporting structure outwardly away from said vertical supporting structure, and a twodrum, two-speed cable operating mechanism carried by said boat-supporting structure for simultaneously supporting, raising and lowering the opposite ends of a life boat, said mechanism being operable by hand from the boat.

8. A davit of the character referred to comprising' in combination a vertical supporting structure, a boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and adapted to swing outwardly at its upper end away from said vertical supporting structure, a rack bar having one end bearing against said vertical supporting structure and projecting through said boat-supporting structure, an operating' pinion carried by said boat-supporting structure and meshing with said rack bar, means for operating the same whereby to positively move said boatsupporting structure outwardly away from said vertical supporting structure, a twodrum, two-speed cable operating mechanism carried by said boat-supporting structure for simultaneously supporting. raising and lowering the opposite ends of a life boat, said mechanism being operable by hand from the boat, and means extended from said vertical supporting structure and ronnected with said boat-supporting structure bearing against.

CIJ

Jfor lowering and raising said boat-support ling structure beyond the limit of movement by the operation of said pinion on said rack bar.

9. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a vertical sup porting structure, a boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and adapted to swing outwardly at its upper end away from said vertical supporting structure, a rack bar having one end bearing against said vertical supporting structure and projecting through said boat-supporting structure, said rack bar being tree to move away from said vertical supporting structure when vthe boat-supporting structure reaches the outer end thereoi', an operating pinion carried by said boat-supporting structure and meshing with said rack bar, means for operating the same whereby to positively move said boat-supporting structure outwardly away from said vertical supporting structure, means extended from said vertical supporting structure and connected with said boat supporting structure for controlling the movement of the same beyond its limit of movement by means of said pinion and rack har,

and a two-drum, two-speed cable operating mechanism carried by said boat supporting structure for simultaneously supporting, raising and lowering the opposite ends of a life boat, said mechanism being operable by hand from the boat.

10. A davit of the character referred to comprising in combination a fixed vertical structure, a pivoted boat-supporting structure pivoted at its lower end and provided with means at its upper end for supporting, lowering and raising a life boat, mechanical means between said vertical structure and said pivoted boat-supporting structure or positively moving the latter away 'from said vertical structure, and drum and cable mechanism mounted upon said vertical stru-cture and connected with said pivoted boatsupporting structure and operable for controlling the swinging movement of said pivoted boat-supporting structure, substantiallyas described.

11. ln a davit of the character referred to,

in combination, a fixed vertical structure, a pivoted y boat-supporting structure, means carried thereby for supporting, lowering and raising a life boat on an even keel, said means being operable by hand from said boat, a drum and cable mechanism. mounted on said vertical structure with the cables connected to said pivoted boat-supporting structure for controlling the swinging move ment thereof, said drum and cable mechanism comprising a pair of drums with intermeshing, operating gears, and controlling and operating mechanism for operating said drums in opposite directions, substantially as described.` p Y Signed at Portland, 'Multnomah county, Oregon, this lth day of March, 19H.

FRANK J. SUPER. In presence of- I. M. GRIFFIN. 

